Capacitor tutorial pdf

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Angular angular. There is no tendency for a capacitor to get charged or discharged. The negative charge is formed by the accumulation of electrons, while the positive charge is formed by the depletion of electrons. As this happens without any external charge given, this state is electrostatic condition. The figure below shows the capacitor with static charges. This is called as Displacement Current. The direction of this current flow keeps on changing as this is AC.

When an external voltage is given, the electric charge gets converted into electrostatic charge. This happens while the capacitor is charging. The positive potential of the supply, attracts the electrons from the positive plate of the capacitor, making it more positive. While the negative potential of the supply, forces the electrons to the negative plate of the capacitor, making it more negative.

The figure below explains this. During this process of charging, the electrons move through the DC supply but not through the dielectric which is an insulator. This displacement is large, when the capacitor starts to charge but reduces as it charges.

The capacitor stops charging when the voltage across capacitor equals the supply voltage. As the charges deposit on the plates of the capacitor, an electrostatic field is formed. The strength of this electrostatic field depends upon the magnitude of charge on the plate and the permittivity of the dielectric material.

Permittivity is the measure of dielectric whether how far it allows the electrostatic lines to pass through it. The dielectric is actually an insulator. It has electrons in the outer most orbit of the atoms. Let us observe how they get affected. When there is no charge on the plates, the electrons in the dielectric move in circular orbit. This is as shown in the figure below.

When charge deposition takes place, the electrons tend to move towards the positive charged plate, but still they keep on revolving as shown in the figure.

If the charge increases further, the orbits expand more. But if it still increases, the dielectric breaks down shorting the capacitor. It is enough if we provide a path for them to travel from negative to positive plate. The electrons flow without any external supply as there are too many number of electrons on one side and barely any electrons on the other. This imbalance is adjusted by the discharge of the capacitor. Also, when a discharge path is found, the atoms in the dielectric material tend to get to their normal circular orbit and hence forces the electrons to get discharged.

This kind of discharge enables capacitors to deliver high currents in a short period of time, just as in a camera flash. Though these number markings are being used now-a-days, an International color coding scheme was developed long ago, to understand the values of capacitors.

The color coding indications are just as given below. In these five band capacitors, the first two bands represent digits, third one indicates multiplier, fourth for tolerance and the fifth represents voltage. Let us look at an example to understand the color coding process. Red represents the voltage. But to know the voltage rating, we have got another table, from which the particular band to which this capacitor belongs, has to be known.

The following table shows how voltage is determined depending upon the bands the capacitors belong to. With the help of this table, the voltage rating for each band of capacitors is known according to the color given.

The type of voltage ratings also indicates the type of capacitors. These days, the color coding has been replaced by simple printing of value of the capacitors as mentioned previously.