The official how to rap manual pdf

These are the final consonant clusters. These are the last group of consonants in a word which have no intervening vowels a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y. For example the final consonant in swarm. Would be rm, and we would show this by using a hyphen in front of RM -RM. Remember the hyphen shows where the cluster in question relates to the word.

The ones shown in Figure 1a are the most common used. These basically play a big part in the sound produced by your vocal chords. Lax vowels are vowels that leave your vocal chords and tongue relaxed. Hence lax vowels. Can you guess what tense vowels do? Thats correct. Tense vowels are vowels that leave your vocal chords and tongue tense. See Figure 2 we used colors to show those vowels that sound alike However if you have one of the earlier editions you will only see black and white-tight budget.

Lax Vowels leave vocal chords and tongue relaxed. Color Scheme shows alike sounds. Tense Vowels require movement of the vocal chords. Lets take another look at consonants. Figure 3 shows every possible way consonants are used in the English language. Each consonant is put in parenthesis and followed by an example of the word that shows the sound of that actual consonant.

For example the consonant ch sounds like the Ch in Chief. Under each consonant in parenthesis is followed by alike sounds. Another example of this is the ch sound in chief has si in its category because the si in mansion has that Ch sound in it. Got it? Now lets move on to suffixes. Consonant b b bed g g give l l live r r red t t toe zh zi bb bubble gg egg ll call rh rhythm ed talked ge ch chchief gh ghost m m more rr carrot ght bought su si mansion gu guard lm calm wr wrong tt bottom si su conscious wh who mm hammer s s see c center th th thin zu ti question j j just n n not ce nice th then tu natural du graduate gn gnat ci city v v visit d d do dg judgment kn knife ps psycho w w well dd ladder di soldier nn runner sc scene wh where f f feed ge page pn pneumatic ss mess y y yet.

Suffixes and Prefixes are group of letters that are added to the beginning or ending of a root word. A root word is a word that stands on its own. By adding beginnings Prefixes and endings Suffixes to root words, new words can be made. For example the root word comfort can become a new word by adding the Prefix beginning dis.

Adding the suffix ending able, comfort becomes comfortable. Figure 4 shows a few suffixes that you can study from. Note: inflections are the patterns of stress and intonation in a language. In other words alteration in pitch and or tone of the voice. They can also be defined as the change in the formal word. For a complete list of suffixes and prefixes please refer to the back of the book.

Suffixes indicating inflections. Nouns are defined as a person, place, thing, animal, and abstract idea. See Fig. Johnny, mailman, dog, Maryland are all examples of nouns There are many type of nouns. For example: Noun Genders-are nouns that can refer to men or women like coach, teacher, or engineer to name a few. Plural Nouns- are nouns that change their form to show number.

This is done by adding -sor -es. Possessive Nouns- Show possession of a noun by adding an apostrophe Carmens bag or I cant stop the dogs barking. Proper Nouns-are always written with a capital letter. New York, Timmy Common Nouns- are nouns used in the general sense and are the opposite of proper nouns, meaning they never get capitalized unless in the beginning of a sentence. These are substitutes for nouns. Pronouns Substitutes for nouns Mary said she was going The men forget their tickets The officer blew his whistle Commonly used Pronouns I my mine me Read and study the rest of this chapter.

You will definitely be incorporating grammer into your rhymes. So be sure to study the chapter thoroughly. Verbs -Verbs make a statement about the subject. Most verbs express action. The hunter shot the deer finger wrote a letter. Common forms of this verb are are, is, was, and, were. These are called linking verbs. Because they link words together in a sentence. Mother is happy really means happy mother -Verb phrases are verbs of two or more words. Adjectives -Are describing words usually adding new ideas to nouns and pronouns.

The light n. Prepositions -Shows relationships between certain words in a sentence. The accident occurred on the bridge preposition on the bridge prepositional phrase The accident occurred under the bridge preposition The accident occurred near the bridge preposition The accident occurred above the bridge preposition Commonly used Prepositions above.

Conjunctions -Joins words or groups of words Mark drives to fast and too recklessly joins two adverbs He or I will audit the account joins two pronouns I fell and broke my arm Joins two verbs It is a large but attractive home Joins two Adjectives Interjections Exclamatory words -Express strong feeling or sudden emotion.

Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech are often used as interjections. I cut my finger Good! Im glad to hear that. The Noun parts of speech consists of 8 groups. Places Home, Chicago, camp Actions climbing, cooking, reading [Things]Objects desk, picture, computer Measures year, pound, inch, day The Soldier is wearing his new uniform Chicago is a great industrial city Iron is awful metal That concludes this chapter. Be sure to study this chapter.

You will come back time and time again. I promise you. Now we are going to move on to chapter 2. We will be dealing with word connects and letter sounds.

This will come in handy as well so step it up. Chapter 2 Word connects and letter sounds Okay looking good. Now lets begin with Chapter 2. Hopefully by now you are beginning to understand the importance of grammar and parts of speech in your music. Now in this chapter you will learn how parts of speech are combined to make word sounds.

Study these examples and techniques just as you did in Chapter 1. These are self explanatory. So what are you waiting for? Get to it. Lets look at consonants and vowel combinations. When a word ends with a consonant and then is followed by a word that begins with a vowel, that sound is portrayed by mixing the consonant with the vowel, making two words into one. Big up actually sounds like Bi gup when you say it. Applying this into your rhymes will make words sound more fluent when you spitting that fire.

This rule should work with all words formed in this way. Test it out. Now this is a nice little practice to use. Pay attention to the way consonants are expressed through your mouth.

This is good to know. Try incorporating bars that just have consonants that roll off the lips or behind the teeth like the examples below. This shows how certain consonants play within the mouth. Lips: Behind Teeth: Throat:. When a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, notice the letter sound that is produced. Length, Pitch, Clarity These are the ways to stress a syllable. Pac uses lengthy syllables in his rhymes like in Dear Momma And though you was a crack Pheeeeen momma and Biggies Back in the Day Remember back in the daaaays when niggaz had waaaaives.

The Official Hip-Hop Manual shows lengthy syllables with a underline under the word or syllable that is length stressed. For example. In Bigs rhyme we would write it like Remember back in the days when niggaz had waives.

More examples of this are shown at the end of this chapter. I will take a verse from 3 of my most favorite emcees Biggie, Pac, and Jay-Z. Pitch is shown either high pitch or low pitch. High pitch is shown with a parenthesis over the word sort of like a mountain covering the word and low pitch is shown with a parenthesis under the word. Example of this is shown below.

T is T If T is at the beginning of a word it is a strong clear T sound. It is not long nor short. Accents are important because a lot of the times you can rhyme accents. For example see how I try to rhyme using aye accent through out this This is important because a rappers tone on certain bars Practice your lines in different tone and see if you can tell the difference. Dogs eat Bones First half usually sets up second half Dogs eat Bones, but Cats eat Fish When you want to preface your statement use rising tone.

As we all know, dogs eat bones All but the last item in a list have a rising tone. Dogs eat bones, kibbles and meat Regular question goes up but drops back down at end. Do dogs eat bones? Repeated rhetorical, emotional question goes up and then up again at the end. Do dogs eat bones?!! To emphasize one thing over another reflect the contrast with pitch change Bob studies English Bob studies English, but he doesnt use it Nouns carry new info. The verses below are examples from 3 of my favorite emcees.

The examples will give you a If you would like for me to break down any other artists verses or verses for you please contact me at staff how2rap. Or just visit www. There is a key at the beginning showing the meaning behind certain symbols that will be good to know when your writing your rhymes. With that said we are at the end of this chapter.

Next we will look at poetry. Study this chapter intensely because if your a rapper, singer etc. No if ands or buts. You are a poet. So be sure to focus and study the next chapter. Shows the beginning of singy syllables, also shows group rhyming takin my life, while i was makin time trife.

Shows continuation from one bar to the next. Means you don't show any hesitation from bar to bar. When over a word in rhyme shows where that word is placed within bars. Can either be secondary or primary count. Always even 2,4,6, or 8.

Shows main rhyming words within bars Shows other rhyme words besides primary rhyme words. Usually shows inner rhymed words. Note: 32 points equal 16 bars. This is because the words do not fall exactly on that point. It is like a half second before the point.

Listen to this verse and you'll catch it. The Pac example has them through out the verse. Can you find them? Also notice Big's verse on points 26 bar The one with the dash. This dash shows continuation from one bar to the next. The key above is helpful so be sure to study from that in the future.

Chapter 3 Poetry Now in this chapter we are going to talk about poetry. In this chapter you will learn the terms and different styles of poetry that will have and impact in your ability to write songs.

You can use some of these forms of poetry in a whole song or you can incorporate different ones through out the song all together. A lot of or at least all artist use these forms in their rhymes styles. From Biggie to Jay-Z.

Even Singers and RockNRoll artists use these forms in their music. So be sure to focus and study the following terms. You may already be incorporating the basics in your rhymes but just do not know the terms.

I can almost guarantee it. Some of the terms without examples can easily be found by typing the term in a search engine on the Internet. If you need help just email me staff how2rap. Repetition of sounds, syllables, words, phrases, lines, stanzas or metrical patterns, word endings, identical syllables are all a basic device in poetry. Masculine Ending is a line ending in a stressed syllable. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings.

Acrostic poem has the initial letters of the lines read downward spelling out a name or passage. Alliterative Meter is a line with 4 stresses. He through the thickest of the throng gun theste Alphabet Poem abecedarius is arranged according to the alphabet. Chance Poetry is drawing words from a card and picking them at random to furnish a poem Ex. Echo Verse is the last syllable or two, of a main line perhaps with different spelling or meaning.

Alliteration is repetition of consonant sounds. Enjambment is a line that continues to the next line connecting. Anadiplosis is repetition of the last word or phrase at the beginning of the next line. Anaphora is repetition of the first word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines.

Anastrophe is inversion of natural word order. His Golden locks, Time hath to silver turn. Natural word order would be Time hath turned his Golden locks to silver. Antimeablole is repetition of words in a phrase in reverse order. Anthimeria is the substitution of one part of speech for another. Onomatopoeia is word sounds that imitate the sense.

Oxymoron is contradicting word combinations. Rhopalic are lines that consist of each word having one more syllable than the last. I disdain Phopalic composition in opposite direction.

Holorhyming Verse is a line where every syllable must rhyme. Permutational lines can be read in any order Tautogram is text when each word begins with the same letter. Haikuzation poet keeps the rhyming part of a poem but gets rid of the rest. Rhymes differ according to the number of syllables that are echoed. Perfect rhyme falls on a single stress.

Rhyming on a weak syllable of a 2 syllable word. Apocopated Rhyming is rhyming part of a multi syllabic word with the final syllable of another. The number of syllables per line, normally ten, could be nine and sometimes eight, and as many as twelve but never to fewer or more than that. Mosaic rhyme has to have at least 2 syllables but can have 3 or 4 possibly even more. Boundaries between prosodic phrases -Is when the speaker sometime slows down -Might be an abrupt change in the pitch -The last syllable of each prosodic phrase is typically quite long.

Stress may be indicated by a mixture of raised intonation, lengthening of word, and raised intensity. I only took TWO biscuits. My voice can sound mad, happy, excited, scared, sad, and regular. Find rhymes by adding new beginnings to word ends thinking of every letter in the alphabet.

Slant rhyme is word that almost sound alike. Alliteration same beginning sounds Ex. Saying Soon Im Assonance same vowel sounds Ex. And we went to Theed to see the queen. Consonance Same consonant sounds Ex. The council was impressed, of course. When you want the feel of a line to be slow and dreamy use multiple syllable words.

If you want the line to be read quickly use short words with hard consonant sounds such as T and K. If you have studied chapters up to this point. You should already be well on your way to be coming the MC you want to be. Chapter four will teach you the technical part of lyric writing. A lot of the technical aspects are probably stuff you already do. But its good to put a name on it. So you have structure.

Lets take a look shall we. Much of lyric writing is technical rhyme, rhythm, contrast, balance, and repetition Object writing is when you pick a real object and focus on it. The more senses you incorporate into your writing the better it breaths and dances. Friction within these relationships create metaphor. Power; Avalanche; Mahammad Ali; Army etc.

A good way to find metaphors is to ask these 2 questions. These are called participles. When you stimulate your listeners senses they pick pictures from their own personal sense files.

Each family in Family rhymes below sound exactly alike. Meaning all voiced plosive sound the same. For example bag would sound exactly like cab and had. B,D,and G are all in the same family. The voiced plosives family. These word endings incorporated within your rhymes can do wonders.

Keep this in mind when you write your lyrics. Family Rhyme Plosives voiced b d g unvoiced p t k. High pitch is shown with a parenthesis over the word sort of like a mountain covering the word and low pitch is show with a parenthesis under the word.

Basic rule of songwriting is keep your listeners interested from beginning to end. Versus get us ready to hear the chorus like parts of an essay each one should focus on a separate idea. They say the chorus makes a song. But I believe if you combine hot versus with hot choruses you have a classic. Dont you agree? There will always be 3 perspectives when ever you tell a story no matter what.

If you want people to notice an important idea put it in a power position. Whenever creating a special effect with your structure you call attention to what you are saying. This extra focus gives the position its power. Verses should relate. Lyrics accumulate power when verses work together. Verbs determine verses.

Predicate Positive Adjective Positive Predicate. Singular Plural he she it they him her it them his her its their his hers its theirs That is her. Direct Address person is talking directly to us or unseen you. I asked you what gifts can I bring.. Emphatic Stress is moved to content words to express emphasis on that word. Indeed, utterly, terrific, tremendous Contrastive Stress is a contractible stressed word. Do you like this one or THAT one?

THIS one. This is important because the tone and pitch of our voice plays a big roll in communication when speaking. You can tell a lot about how a person feels from the pitch or tone of their voice.

For example as a kid I remember I could tell by the tone of my moms voice if she was happy , mad or sad when she spoke. So be sure to pay attention when you speak and incorporate this in your rhymes. Nuclear Syllable sounds louder than other stressed syllables and also has change of pitch. When would it suit you to come home? If I came now -Rise Falling ex. Now expresses a statement Ill come now -Rising ex. Question seeking an answer yes or no. Falling Tone shows completeness and normally used when a person is about to stop talking.

Falling Tone at the end of a list shows list is complete. Would you like tea, coffee, fruit juice, or lemonade? Rising Tone shows there are other drinks. Would you like tea, coffee, fruit juice, lemonade there might be other drinks as well that havent been mentioned Pitch change indicates certainty, uncertainty, enthusiasm, boredom etc.

Prosody features describe pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm Loudness is associated with anger can also be indicated by very quiet, tense speech -Can also relate to strong weak syllables and in the extra prominence given to nuclear syllables -Very loud and quiet utters help arouse strong emotion in audiences -Tempo is pace of speech and can be varied -Fast Speech show emergency -Slow Speech is used for emphasis -Varying tempo along with changes in -loudness is also used in public speaking.

Paralinguistic features are vocal effects employed when speaking and referred to as tone of voice and can make our speech breathy, nasal, husky, or creaky, lip rounding, low breathy voice. Rhythm speech is produced through combining stressed and unstressed syllables.

You can convey different meaning by changing pitch of a word. Tone groups are said on a single breath limited in length. They average about 2 seconds or about five words. Spoken language is broken into tone groups because we need to breath, and tend to carry one idea at a time. Its necessary to pause and draw breath, these planned pauses are called voice hesitations and often marked by um or er. Division of a sentence in a tone group can affect the meaning in some cases. Do you take sugar? Certain pauses in a stream of speech can have significant meaning variations in the message.

If the tonic syllable is in its final position the glide continues over the rest of the syllables. A fall in pitch on the tonic syllable redeems the tone as fall. A rise tone is when the tonic syllable is the start of a upward glide of pitch. Fall is a falling tone -A falling tone is what is most commonly used.

Signals a sense of finality, completion, and belief in the content of the utterance etc. Ive spoken with the CLEAner -Questions that begin with wh are generally pronounced with a falling tone.

Where is the PENcil? You like it DONT you? Fall Rise followed by fall -Generally used in dependent intonation units like those involving sentential adverbs, subordinate clauses, compound sentences and so on.

Such a clause has two intonation units. The first, non-final normally has a fall-rise. Duell Bell tie. Instruct person summoned to inform Operator should call the Fire Department , report to designated official , and await further instructions. If telephone is installed , emergencies are reported by calling number listed on certificate of inspection. Rap on doors and call for attention. You will find your instructions in the International Constitution. I now invest you with the Jewels of office.

The Marshal affixes the badges , and seats them. Singing , or music by the band. After the music has finished , the Sir Researchers expressed concern that RAP methodology left little room for serendipity during fieldwork and limited the capacity of Four issues each of the Food and Nutrition Bulletin and the Although reimbursing the expenses of a spouse of a federal credit union official is not permissible , an expense